The hypothalamus is a brain region that allows all vertebrates to adapt to emotional and physiological challenges. Hypothalamic neurons regulate fundamental body functions including sleep, blood pressure, body temperature, hunger and thirst, stress and social behavior. Hypothalamic neurons control brain and peripheral activities by means of central neurotransmission in the brain and neuroendocrine secretion of neuromodulators into the periphery through the pituitary vasculature. Deciphering the mechanisms underlying the development and function of the hypothalamus is the scientific